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Escrito por um psiquiatra infantil, um criminologista,
e um psicólogo social, Antisocial behavior by young people (Comportamento antissocial em jovens) é
a maior revisão da pesquisa internacional de evidências de comportamento antissocial. O livro cobre
todos os aspectos do campo, incluindo descrições de tipos diferentes de delinquências e tendências
dos tempos, o estado de conhecimento a cerca dos fatores individuais, sócio-psicológicos e culturais
envolvidos, e os recentes avanços na prevenção e intervenção. Os autores trazem
conjuntamente um amplo campo de perspectivas disciplinares a fim de prover uma visão abrangente sobre o
comportamento antissocial juvenil.
Antisocial behavior by young people será, sem dúvida nemhuma, uma adição valiosa para
as bibliotecas daqueles que investigam o comportamento antissocial e criminal. Além do mais, o volume será
igualmente de ajuda para aqueles responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de programas de prevensão e intervenção
e políticas direcionadas para a melhoria destes problemas na juventude. Eu não conheço nenhum
livro melhor neste tópico e o considero como um livro que ‘se tem que ler’.”
Dante Cicchetti, Ph. D. Director, Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester (Diretor Ph. D., Mt. Centro de
Ajuda a Família da Univewrsidade de Rochester)
Sir Michael Rutter é Professor de Psiquiatria Infantil no Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade de Londres.
Uma autoridade internacional em desenvolvimwento infantil e psiquiatria infantil, a pesquisa do professor Rutter
rendeu a ele numerosos prêmios e honras, incluindo o prêmio de eminente Contribuição
Científica da Associação Americana de Psicologia, o prêmio Castilla del Pino po Realização
em Psiquiatria, e o prêmio Helmut Horten pela pesquisa sobre autismo.
Henri Giller é o Diretor Administrador do Sistema de Informação Social, Ltd. Dr. Giller tem
servido como Adjunto no Instituto de Psiquiatria na Universidade de Londres e como Conferencista em Legislação
na Universidade de Keele, e ele é um membro fundador do Seminário Internacional em Criminologia juvenil.
Ann Hagel é Co-Diretora do novo Departamento Policial de Pesquisa em Londres, onde ela especializa-se em
pesquisa policial sobre jovens infratores, problemas de comportamento antissocial, pessoas jovens em situação
de risco, e problemas parentais. Anteriormente, ela foi uma Congregada Senior no Instituto de Estudos da Polícia,
uma brilhante estudante na Universidade de North Carolina, e uma Cientista Pesquisadora na equipe de pesquisa do
Professor Rutter na Unidade MRC de Psiquiatria Infantil.
ÍNDICE GERAL
1. Introduction
What Do We Mean by "Antisocial Behavior" and "Young People"?
Why a New Review?
Coverage and Structure of This Review
2. Identifying the Most Useful Research
Breadth of Antisocial Behavior
Multiple Sources of Information
Samples
Biology and Behavior
Causality
Concepts of Causation
Casual Chains
Testing Casual Hypotheses
Strength of Effects
"Positivistic" Approaches
Conclusions
3. Concepts and Measures of Crime
Age, Blame, and Criminal Responsability
The Nature of Adolescent Crime
Criminal Offenses
Criminal Statistics
Victim Surveys
Childhood Victinization
Self-Reported Offending
Variations in the Processing of Offenses
Recognizing and Reporting Crime
The Police as "Gatekeepers" of the Criminal Justice System
Variations in Judicial Procedures
Differences between Offenders and Non-Offenders
Persistent Young Offenders
Conclusions
4. Historical Trends
Setting Out the Issues
Trends in Crime Taken as a Whole
Does Juvenile Crime Reflect the Same Trends?
Has the Nature of Offending by Juveniles Been Changing?
Changes in the Types of Crimes Committed
Changes in the Sex Ratios
Changes in the Type-Gender Relationship
Changes in the Peak Age of Offending
The Relevance of Recent Trends in Juvenile Justice
Just Deserts
Managerialism
Community Focus
Popilist Punitiveness
Trends in Psychosocial Disorders of Youth
Changes in the Social and Economic Context for Young People
Possible reasons for the Rise in Crime and Psychosocial Disorders of Young
People
Conclusions
5. Varieties of Antisocial Behavior
Key Valid Differentiators
Association with Hyperactivity
Age of Onset
Probably Valid Differentiators
Association with Violence
Psychopathy
Association with Serious Mental Disorders
Special Groups of Uncertain Validity
"Normal" Crime
Sexual Offenses
Juvenile Homicide
Crime Associated with Substance Misuse
Medically Caused Crime
Crime Associated with Emotional Disorder
Other Distinctions
Socialized versus Unsocialized
Overt versus Covert Crime
Recidivist Crime
Psychiatric Diagnoses
Conclusions
6. The Role of Individual Features
Changing Views
Genetic Influences
Nature-Nurture Interplay
Routes of Genetic Mediation
Obstetric Complications
Intelligence
Temperament and Personality Features
Poor Peer Relationships
Hyperactivity
Biased Cognitive Processing
Drugs and Alcohol
Possible Biological Mediators
Toxins and Nutrients
Physique
Androgens
Autonomic Reactivity
Serotonin Metabolism
Overview of Biological Mediators
Conclusions
7. The Role of Psychosocial Features
Some Concepts and Controversies
Person Effects on the Environment
Genetic Mediation of Psychosocial Risk Factors
Tests for Environmental Mediation
Third-Variable Effects
Family Influences
Teenage Parents
Large Family Size
Broken Homes
Abuse and Neglect
Coercion and Hostility
Ineffective Parenting and Supervision
Peer Groups
Gangs
Poverty and Social Disadvantage
Unemployment
Resilience
Conclusions
8. Societywide Influences
Mass Media
Area Differences
Distribution of Offenses
Distribution of Offenders
School Effects
Ethnic Variations
Concepts and Methods
Victimization
Crime in the United Kingdom
Crime in the United States
Possible Explanations
Guns, Drugs, and Contraceptives
Conclusions
9. Gender Differences
Rates of Crime in Male and Females
Patterns of Offending
Judicial Processing
Self-Report Findings
Clinical Disorders Involving Antisocial Behavior
Possible Explanations
Same or Different Origins in Males and Females
Gender Differences in Individual Risk Factors
Gender Differences in Psychosocial Risk
Differences in Social Context
Conclusions
10. From Child to Adult: Persistence and Desistance
Analyzing Data from a Life History Perspective
Some Questions about Using Longitudinal Data
Criminal Careers
Delinquent Pathways
Socioemotional Functioning in Adult Life
Personality Disorder
Drug and Alcohol Problems
Emotional Disturbance
Suicidal Behavior
Influential Experiences in Adult Life
Cumulative Continuity and Accentuation Effects
Turning-Point Effects
Conclusions
11. Prevention and Intervention
I: Principles and Concepts of Application at the Predelinquency Phase
Concepts and Measures
How Much Is Open to Change?
Causal Models
Evaluation
Actors or Their Acts
Randomized Controlled Trials
Quasi-Experiments
Evaluation of Community Interventions
Meta-analyses
Individual Differences in Response
Cost-Benefit Analyses
Case Studies of Promising Interventions
Targeting High-Risk Groups
Relief of Societal Risks
Preventive Strategies at a Predelinquency Phase
Preschool Educations
Improving the Parenting in High-Risk Families
Early Treatment of Disruptive Behavior
Schoolwide Programs
Multimodal Interventions
Conclusions
12. Prevention and Intervention
II: Application at the Postdelinquency Phase
Reducing Opportunities for Offending
Situational Crime Prevention
Increase Community Surveillance and Other Community Initiatives
Populationwide Deterrent Effects
Incapacitation
Different Responses to Delinquency
Diversionary Policies
Community "Alternatives to Custody" Schemes
Restorative Justice
Punishment
"Short Sharp Shock" Approaches
Custodial Care
Psychological Treatments
Meta-analyses
Elements of Effective Programs of Intervention
Conclusions
13. Conclusions
In What Ways Has This Review Shed Any New Light on Antisocial Behavior?
Heterogeneity
Notions of Causality
Liability
Antisocial Behavior over the Life Course
Time Trends
Gender Differences
Research and Methodological Advances
What Is the Relationship between the Research Conclusions and Policy?
A Research Agenda for the Future
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